Gain-of-function and Loss-of-function research

Gain-of-function’ research

In virology, gain-of-function research involves deliberately altering an organism in the lab, altering a gene, or introducing a mutation in a pathogen to study its transmissibility, virulence and immunogenicity.
This is done by genetically engineering the virus and by allowing them to grow in different growth mediums, a technique called as Serial Passage
This allows researchers to study potential therapies, vaccine possibilities and ways to control the disease better in future.

Loss-of-function’ research

It involves inactivating mutations, resulting in a significant loss of original function, or no function to the pathogen.
When mutations occur, they alter the structure of the virus that is being studied, resulting in altered functions.
Some of these significant mutations might weaken the virus or enhance its function.

Dual-use research of concern(DURC)

Inherent biosafety and biosecurity risks associated with genetic modified pathogen are referred as DURC
This indicates that while the research may result in benefits for humanity, there is also the potential to cause harm