The 15th Finance Commission

• Vaid's ICS, Lucknow
• 15, Jul 2021

Why in News?

The recent 15^th FC report recommendations have been criticised on the basis of two grounds. One, the recommendations will impact co-operative federalism. Two, the recommendations are not aligned with the changing federal structure in India.

Background

• Recently, the 15^th Finance commission (FC) report has been tabled in the parliament. It’s following key recommendations have been accepted by the government.

• The Commission has recommended a total devolution of Rs 8,55,176 crore to the states, which is 41% of the divisible pool of taxes.
• It also recommended for revenue deficit grantsof Rs 1.18 lakh crore to the states.
• Furthermore, it recommended a non-lapsable defence fund. The grants component of the states has been reduced by 1 per cent (from 42% to 41%).
• It will be used to set up special funds for defence.

• The FC’s recommendation for the vertical devolutionat 41% is pragmatic. However, some of its recommendations will have an implication on the co-operative federalism.

What are the issues in the 15^th FC recommendations?

• First, the 1% cut in the devolution is for special funding on defence. It means states are paying Rs 7,000 crore for defence and internal security.
•  But, Defence and National Security are the centre’s responsibility as per the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. This use of funds from states to finance the Centre’s expenditure is against the spirit of cooperative federalism.
• Second, the issues in the horizontal distribution of funds. Successive finance commissions have used the criteria of need, equity for devolving 92.5 per cent of funds to a state.
• Whereas 15^th FC has reduced this to 75%. And the remaining 25% will be based on efficiency and performance. This is the lowest weightage for equity, making the 15th FC tra
• nsfers the least progressive.
• Third, 15^th FC recommendations do not depict the changed fiscal conditions. For example, after GST, the tax collection method has changed from a production-based tax system to a consumption-based tax system.

• This structural change has a significant impact on the interstate distribution of tax.  It is not taken into account by the 15^thFC report.

• Fourth,the approach for distributing revenue deficit grantshas not changed. The 15^th FC could have recommended a minimum-guaranteed revenue of 14 per cent to every state.
  • This unchanged policy approach has resulted in an increase of statutory and non-statutory grants to almost 55 per cent of the total transfers.
  • Whereas the aggregate transfers have dropped to 45 per cent. This makes the devolution process more discretionary.

Facts  For Prelims:

Dickinsonia fossils:

Researchers discovered three fossils in Madhya Pradesh. These fossils are possibly of the earliest known living animal named ‘Dickinsonia’(550-million-year-old).

About the discovery:

• • The fossils are found on the roof of Auditorium Cave at Bhimbetka Rock Shelters. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Madhya Pradesh.

• The fossil can be identified from the white leaf-like patches with a central vertebra (central midrib) and connecting veins.
• These are the only Dickinsonia fossils available in the country. They are similar to those seen in South Australia.
• The Dickinsonia fossils found in other parts of the world exceeded 4 feet in length. However, the Bhimbetka fossil is only 17 inches long.

Dickinsonia :

• It is an extinct genus of basal animal.  They lived during the late Ediacaran period in what is now Australia, Russia, and Ukraine. Ediacaran period is marked at 575 to 541 million years ago.
• It was first described by Reg Sprigg, the original discoverer of the Ediacaran biota in Australia. He named it after Ben Dickinson, then Director of Mines for South Australia.
• It (roughly) resembles a bilaterally symmetrical ribbed oval. Its affinities are presently unknown. As per some theories, it is the oldest known animal, visible without a microscope.